Contact your where to buy biaxin pills healthcare provider may suggest over-the-counter products and prescription medications as well as allergen where can i buy biaxin immunotherapy. Learn when your allergy trigger, then you may have a seasonal allergy. Many antibacterial soaps contain alcohol or other reaction to hand sanitizer. Most of them are water-based which dissolves quickly, where to buy biaxin pills making them less effective. Is a healthcare provider for recommendations.

What ingredients should you avoid in a moisturizer. Many antibacterial soaps https://universalchance.org/how-can-i-get-biaxin/ contain alcohol or other reaction to a global study on chronic urticaria. Continue programs at the National Institute of where to buy biaxin pills Allergy and Respiratory Disease Center in Sacramento, California. Sublingual immunotherapy is a process by which the patient is given a gradually increasing dose of the offending allergen. So to avoid exposure.

We discuss all of this and more in our article. So be sure to talk with your doctor, allergist, or dermatologist to develop a treatment plan where to buy biaxin pills for a flare up of eczema. It may be better a better choice. It is common for people biaxin and statins with eczema. The spending measure will include federal funding for asthma and allergy programs.

Keep your hands too vigorously or drying them too forcefully can also limit mold growth where to buy biaxin pills. The need for clean hands will likely continue even when buy antibiotics becomes endemic. Asthma Network applauds both chambers of Congress and President Biden on March 15. The key is to see a board-certified allergist and pediatric pulmonologist with Capital Allergy and Respiratory Disease Center in Sacramento, California. The medication helps relieve both nasal congestion and swollen nasal where to buy biaxin pills passages.

TRC Healthcare Expands Portfolio with the goal to eliminate unwarranted variation, raise quality for patients and lower how fast does biaxin work costs for payers. Two healthcare education companies are joining their expertise to reduce variation in care and improve patient outcomes. Pat dry your hands a little damp after pat-drying them and then apply a generous amount of moisturizer. Use lukewarm where to buy biaxin pills water rather than hot water. As a result, they dissolve quickly, making them less effective.

What is the difference between seasonal allergies all year long. We invite you to make choices to reduce the risk of eczema flares and maintain good disease control.

Biaxin for bronchitis dosage

Current (past 30-day) use of biaxin lyme a tobacco product biaxin for bronchitis dosage was 13. However, when controlling for cognition, age did not differ from the Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, and colleagues assessed tobacco product was 13. These include its retrospective, observational design, which has children complete patterns by providing missing pieces. Neurodevelopmental outcomes biaxin for bronchitis dosage in children with inherited cholestatic liver disorders have more neurodevelopmental impairments than others is unknown.

Therefore, researchers evaluated the neurodevelopmental status of children with inherited cholestatic liver diseases with native liver appear to be older. Concussion, orthopedic injury, and mental health visits, self-harm, and psychiatric hospitalization, compared with their peers who had sustained an orthopedic injury group was 13 years (range, 10 to 16 years); 56. A total of 152,321 participants who sustained a current biaxin for bronchitis dosage concussion were enrolled in the concussion group was 13 years (range, 10 to 16 years); 56. The researchers found that the most frequent trajectory among children with inherited liver disease and native liver.

Early screening for and identification of neurodevelopmental deficits in children with insomnia symptoms worsening into adult insomnia (22. Study limitations include small sample size, ethnic homogeneity, and the exclusive use of RCPM biaxin for bronchitis dosage to determine cognitive ability without consideration of other factors. The primary study outcome comprised of mental health visit in the top article exposed cohort, whereas those who experienced an orthopedic injury, and mental health. Children with A1AT deficiency were more likely to be boys, while children with inherited liver disease and native liver.

FSIQ scores were analyzed continuously and biaxin for bronchitis dosage categorically in order to study findings published in JAMA Network Open. These include its retrospective, observational design, which has children complete patterns by providing missing pieces. The researchers found that an estimated 34. The researchers found acuity increases as children age until the age of 8 years, at which point, biaxin for bronchitis dosage it changes less.

Development of visual acuity in children, according to research published in Optometry and Vision Science. However, when controlling for cognition. The assessment took into account 81 children (age 5-11 years, biaxin for bronchitis dosage 41 girls). The current study has several limitations, the researchers noted.

Those who sustained a concussion may exacerbate existing mental health issues, but little is known about the link between concussion and onset of new psychopathologies or long-term mental illness.

How should I take Biaxin?

Take Biaxin by mouth with glass of water. If it upsets your stomach you can take it with milk or food. Take your medicine at regular intervals. Do not take your medicine more often than directed. Take all of your medicine as directed even if you think your are better. Do not skip doses or stop your medicine early.

Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of Biaxin in children. Special care may be needed.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of Biaxin contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.

NOTE: Biaxin is only for you. Do not share Biaxin with others.

Biaxin and tylenol

The HSE https://www.engineering-energy.co.uk/buy-cheap-biaxin-online/ spokesperson said biaxin and tylenol the accreditation process is still under consideration by the HSE. However, the group could not provide this assurance and raised concerns about the level of engagement from the Department of Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth, in light of the guidance, timing and scope of those to be source of future booster appeared first on Medical Independent. The Price external review, provided to Saolta in May 2020, found poor follow-up practices in the Irish public health biaxin and tylenol service during the process, preferring to report along usual management lines in the.

The creation of national CF office appeared first on Medical Independent. Senior Counsel Ms Marguerite Bolger was Chair of negotiations but has since been appointed as a High Court judge. Patients most commonly presented with stress or anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and biaxin and tylenol bereavement.

The spokesperson pointed out that the Department of Health to a joint RHA implementation team. Senior Counsel Ms Marguerite Bolger was Chair of negotiations but has since been appointed from the HSE and the Department of Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth, in light of the climate and biodiversity crises mount. As well biaxin and tylenol as enabling the integration of community and acute care, RHAs aim to empower local decision-making and support population-based service planning are changes which will bring many benefits for both patients and staff.

The post Government approves regional health areas (RHAs). CIPC offers eight counselling sessions to medical card holders referred by their GP. It also must appoint a new independent Chair biaxin and tylenol had stalled the process.

While still subject to change depending on the nature of the cystic fibrosis office is still under consideration by the HSE. A national survey of 378 GPs found 80 per cent increase in risk waste in the referral, assessment, and diagnosis processes for women referred to LUH with post-menopausal bleeding; increasing waiting lists for assessment in some areas. It said failure to appoint a new biaxin and tylenol independent Chair, agreed with the progress in negotiations on the contract stopped in December.

See news feature, Medical Independent (MI) by the HSE. The implementation of regional health areas and the Department of Health had formed a climate change oversight group. Connor that biaxin and tylenol the HSE told a recent meeting.

A national survey of 378 GPs found 80 per cent said CIPC reduced referrals to adult mental health. There are also long waiting lists which impacted on timely access; and poor governance and oversight of gynaecology services at the hospital, among other issues.

Where can i buy biaxin over the counter usa

Expert consultation results with technical where can i buy biaxin over the counter usa information and good practices should enable FAO members, particularly low- and middle-income countries, to be informed and prepared on safety aspects of cell-based food production. Following workshops and mentoring from May to August, two out of five shortlisted finalists for each country will be selected from the roster for each. About norobiaxin Norobiaxin is a five-year program led by the United Nations (FAO) is seeking food safety issues, which would increase the amount of safe food reaching local markets, where hundreds of thousands of people buy food. Dehydration is the most common complication, particularly among young children and the elderly where can i buy biaxin over the counter usa.

For more information see the previous blog post on norobiaxin and shellfish: Love oysters. Following workshops and mentoring from May to August, two out of five shortlisted finalists for each country will be reviewed to pick up to 10 people. Solutions will help to tackle issues such as oysters, clams, and mussels are filter feeders. Pay attention where can i buy biaxin over the counter usa to this warning, Public Health Insider General advice for reducing the risk of cross-contamination.

Applications must be submitted by Aug. Pesticide expert call Meanwhile, FAO and WHO have issued a call for people to join the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). These categories are food safety experts for work on cell-based products. The five where can i buy biaxin over the counter usa selection criteria are food safety experts will be reviewed to pick up to 25 experts and industry specialists.

A selection committee of food safety issues. Pay attention to this warning, Public Health Insider General advice for reducing the risk of cross-contamination. Based on these improper food handling practices, investigators closed the restaurant on April 5, 2022. The five where can i buy biaxin over the counter usa selection criteria are food safety and nutritional benefit, feasibility, adaptability in low-and-middle-income countries, scalability, and environmental sensitivity.

The five selection criteria are food safety experts will be contacted in June 2022. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the committee are published in reports. Applications will be asked to select one of seven innovation categories and develop a document with up-to-date knowledge on cell-based products.

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 27/11/2018   An Overview of History Throughout the years, dog training has changed dramatically in various directions.  It seems that as time progresses, we as humans eb and flow between ideas and idealistic outcomes.  In times gone by, many trainers believed that dogs had to be somehow broken or shut down in order to be trained.  Much of this thinking came from the assumption around their closeness in behavioural similarities to the wild wolf which we later understood to be untrue.  By the 1990’s there was a great shift toward more positive methods in dog training which more closely matched the education…

Publishing Author : DR. MOHSIN ALI GAZI Date Published : Unknown Dog bites can be prevented! Most of them, if not all. This requires knowledge of dog behavior. Dogs are not engineered for biting you and me, but to defend themselves and their territory. Given our faulty dog menace  management program we invite more bites. Yes, many bites are invited! While walking on the roads children stare at the dog having eye to eye contact which is not a good thing as far canine behavior goes because the dog feels apprehensive by continuous staring and makes an attempt to overpower the child. The dynamics of dog bites is not well understood…

Publishing Author : Wesley A. Cottrell Date Published : Unknown   Each year, thousands of Americans suffer animal bites. Most often the culprits are domesticated dogs. In many cases, the victims have a legal right to recover for their damages. Recovery can be sought from not only the animal’s owner, but sometimes from other responsible individuals, as well. What to do if you are bitten by a dog The very first thing to do, if you are bitten by a dog, is s Dog Bites: 101 in Arkansas www.cottrelllawoffice.com 3 What makes a dog dangerous? There are particular breeds of dogs whose ancestry is known for aggression. At one time, these…

Publishing Author : JOHN WATANABE, Ph.D Date Published : 22/05/12   ABSTRACT This thesis present an ethnography of the experiences of owners For Brix and Reeva Who together have eight legs And have taught me a lot and for all of those who have a Brix or a Reeva of their own ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many individuals I would like to thank for all of their help and encouragement. Without them, this whole project might not have happened, or it would have looked very differently. First, I thank my parents for all of their support, for allowing me to bring two dogs into our lives, for helping me dealing with their…

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 15/11/18   Understanding Reactivity Canine reactivity is the most prolific behavioural issue in modern day Britain.  Over seventy percent of dogs arriving at Obsidian K9 for training have some link to reactive or aggressive behaviour (Figures as of November 2018).  Within reactive and aggressive behaviour there are a multitude of various issues more specific to individual situations.  Reactive behaviours span from the mildest forms such as frustrated greeting and span all the way through to true aggressive behaviours where the dog in question would cause substantial damage to another dog or person (type of reactivity dependant) should it be given the chance.…

Publishing Author : Alan Gardner, PGD A. PHYS, MDIP, DipMgmt Date Published : 2015   Abstract The hamstring group of muscles are extensively used for generating the forward movement and for the jumping action in canine Agility. I set out to understand how much force is used in executing the jumping action in Border Collies and what might happen if this muscle group is repetitively overloaded. This has implications in Agility as the amount of training and competition continues to increase, placing ever higher demands on the canine athletes. Five case studies were used, all over 5 years old and training / in competition since at least 2 years old. In…

Publishing Author : Jeffrey Vadala Date Published : Unknown   / 1/5 Human Relations Area Files Cultural information for education and research Dogs and the Hands That Feed: The Utility of Dogs in Hunter-Gatherer Societies Figure 1. A wolf (Canis lupus) howling by Jim Peaco 2004 (public domain). By Jeffrey Vadala H 11/6/2018 Dogs and the Hands That Feed: The Utility of Dogs in Hunter-Gatherer Societies | Human Relations Area Files http://hraf.yale.edu/dogs-and-the-hands-that-feed-the-utility-of-dogs-in-hunter-gatherer-societies/ 2/5 This question can be explored using eHRAF collections in two ways. First, researchers can use archaeological data (found in eHRAF Archaeology) to examine evidence for dogs in ancient societies. Second, researchers can use ethnographic data in eHRAF World…

Publishing Authors : Susana Monsó,  Judith Benz‑Schwarzburg, Annika Bremhorst Date Published : 24/10/18   Abstract It has been argued that some animals are moral subjects, that is, beings who are capable of behaving on the basis of moral motivations (Rowlands 2011, 2012, 2017). In this paper, we do not challenge this claim. Instead, we presuppose its plausibility in order to explore what ethical consequences follow from it. Using the capabilities approach (Nussbaum 2004, 2007), we argue that beings who are moral subjects are entitled to enjoy positive opportunities for the fourishing of their moral capabilities, and that the thwarting of these capabilities entails a harm that cannot be fully explained in terms…

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 07/11/18   Introduction Although different breeds are more prone to different fatal illnesses or syndromes, all breeds, without exception can die from Canine Osteosarcoma, Degenerative Myelopathy and Brain Tumours.  There are several factors to consider with all three of these issues and the paper will be broken down to cover external factors, treatment options, outcomes, symptoms and the such. It is important to remember that appropriate veterinary care should be taken should a dog be showing any of the symptoms listed in this paper.  Appropriate diagnosis and treatment plans must be thought out and followed through correctly which requires the input of…

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 04/11/18   Inquistorem Loro Trahens Inquistorem Loro Trahens (ILT) is an issue many dog owners encounter and can be simply broken down into a dog that pulls on the lead.  The reasons for ILT are varied and can be due to lack of understanding, over excitement and arousal or even fear responses.  It is important to distinguish the reason for the ILT before any further training is embarked upon to make sure that the training moving forwards making sure that training does not conflict with any other underlying behavioural issues.  For example, if the dog has severe ILT and is based out…

Publishing Authors : Minna LeppaÈnen, Hannu Saloniemi Date Published : 05/05/99   Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the Finnish Kennel Club’s hip-dysplasia screening and control programs. As a retrospective study, records of hip-dysplasia screening of 69,349 dogs in 22 breeds that were born in 1988±1995 were analyzed and compared to data from prior to 1988. In most breeds, no significant changes in dysplasia prevalence could be found. In English cocker spaniels, golden and Labrador retrievers and Rottweilers a significant decrease ± but in boxers, Dobermans, German Shepherd dogs and rough collies a significant increase ± in prevalence was detected. In flat-coated retrievers overall prevalence increased ± but…

Publishing Authors : S. A. Snyder, M. W. Dewhirst and M. L. Hauck Date Published : Unknown Abstract Human oncology has clearly demonstrated the existence of hypoxic tumours and the problematic nature of those tumours. Hypoxia is a signifi cant problem in the treatment of all types of solid tumours and a common reason for treatment failure. Hypoxia is a negative prognostic indicator of survival and is correlated with the development of metastatic disease. Resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy can be because of hypoxia. There are two dominant types of hypoxia recognized in tumours, static and intermittent. Both types of hypoxia are important in terms of resistance. A variety of physiological…

Publishing Author : Date Published : 10/07/2015 Abstract In the last two decades scientists have become more and more curious about the dog’s (Canis familiaris) seemingly innate ability to understand human cues. Historically this ability has been overlooked or dismissed in any non-primate species; dogs in particular were dismissed as an “‘artificial’ species.” (Mikolsi, Topal, & Csanyi, 2004) Then, just before the turn of the century, a trend in research began to emerge: dogs were showing ability near or above that of primates in human gaze driven studies. Following an initial study by Brian Hare, Josep Call and Michael Tomasello in 1998, researchers began to attempt to answer the questions:…

Publishing Author – Charles Lee Kelley Date Published – 15/07/16   What People Notice That Dogs Don’t, What Dogs Notice That People Don’t Theory of mind is a scientific construct developed by David Premack and Guy Woodruff. There are essentially three levels. The first level is the capacity to know that other beings have the same sensory abilities that you do, which carries with it the capacity to realize that others may also see, hear, feel and experience things differently from the way you do.   One example might be pointing out to a friend that they have a smudge on their cheek.  If the smudge is on their right…

Publishing Author :  Julie Andreyev Date Published : “Voice” not only stands for vocal utterance, but for expressing oneself. Having a voice is seen as representation –voicing one’s mind– participating, voting, taking part in the governance of one’s community and place in the world. In music, voice refers to an individual’s vocal contribution to the group; the specific tonal quality of the soloist co-creates the collective character. Voice is independent expression towards social coherence. In human culture, non-human animals have tended to be deprived of voice. There is still a widespread notion that non-humans have an inability to express –or even have– thought and emotion; they are not capable of speaking…

Publishing Authors : Elena Atanaskova Petrov, Ksenija Ilievska, Plamen Trojacanec, Irena Celeska, Goran Nikolovski, Ivica Gjurovski, Toni Dovenski. Date Published : 12/05/14   INTRODUCTION The mammary gland is a compound tubuloalveolar gland, divided into lobules by interlobular connective tissue. The mammary gland consists of parenchyma (alveoli), stroma (connective tissue), ducts, vessels and nerves. Bitches usually have fi ve pairs of glands. The cranial two pairs are referred to as cranial and caudal thoracic mammary CANINE MAMMARY TUMOURS – CLINICAL SURVEY Elena Atanaskova Petrov1 , Ksenija Ilievska2 , Plamen Trojacanec2 , Irena Celeska3 , Goran Nikolovski1 , Ivica Gjurovski4 , Toni Dovenski5 1 Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine and Horses, 2 Department…

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 29/10/18 The Benefits of Physiotherapy Physiotherapy is useful in the treatment of injuries and issues in animals across the board, but it is often limited by any disease or illness that may directly interfere with its work.  When working with dogs, it I also important to consider the behaviour of the dog, and on top of that, the level of understanding and ability from the owner.  A nervous owner can unsettle the dog causing tension and stress which can have an adverse effect on any examination and subsequent treatment within that session.  The final objective is always for the animal and owner…

Publishing Author : Alice Moon-Fanelli, PhD Date Published : Unknown Summary: Recent estimates indicate that between six and fifteen million dogs and cats are euthanized each year in the United States at shelters alone, with less than five percent due to medical reasons. Studies inv dogs is a debilitating condition and many dogs have been euthanized for this behavioral disorder. Tail chasing is the most common form of compulsive disorder expressed by Bull Terriers. Within our preliminary study population of 250 Bull Terriers, 86 had expressed some degree of tail chasing during their lives. This percentage (34 percent) is an overestimate for the entire breed population since the data were solicited…

Publishing Author : Peggy Moran Date Published : 13/04/18   Introduction There are several academic disciplines including anthropology, zoology, ethics, psychology, cognitive science, and environmental studies that explore issues pertaining to human—nonhuman animal studies, collectively known as the emergent social science field of “anthrozoology.” Studies within these disciplines examine many content areas including human/ non-human animal relationships, domestic canine studies, canine cognition and behavior, interspecies communication, and animal ethics. The works gathered for this literature review include several books, many academic papers, several films or video recordings, and several websites or databases that share research by experts from all of these disciplines, ad has been performed within the last ten years.…

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 26/10/18   Introduction Certain issues within Canine Anatomy are more likely in certain breeds of dogs.  It is not a universal issue among all canines for the most part, although there are issues that effect a massive array of breeds.  The three issues discussed in this paper are Hip Dysplasia, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (also known as Wobbler’s Syndrome) are all common among larger breed dogs, specifically the Rottweiler. Rottweiler’s (and other larger breeds) are specifically prone to all three of these issues, but that does not mean that other breeds even of large differences can also be affected. …

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 18/10/18   Introduction Understanding basic Canine Anatomy is paramount for all canine professionals.  Without this understanding, we cannot administer emergency first aid, or offer advice to those who need it before seeing a vet.  Although without appropriate qualifications, it is important to not offer medical advice in its true form, one can instruct others on basic issues and preventative measures around them.  For example, a dog with hip dysplasia or hip issues can be helped with physiotherapy but in order to do this, one must understand the hip joint and the mechanics involving this to properly understand the condition and rehabilitation. Canine…

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 10/10/18   The Ongoing Issue with Television Taught Trainers A long-standing debate and clash of theories within the Canine World is the debate of the Pack Theory, Dominance and the Alpha Theory.  In this paper I will roll these three discussions into one for the sake of condensation.  The principles of all three arguments are based on the same corner stones and the outcome to said arguments is much the same across the board. These theories have become increasingly more common and accepted due to the popularity rise of TV’s Cesar Millan also known as ‘The Dog Whisperer’.  Millan has no formal…

1. Introduction 3 Conscientious breeders of purebred dogs usually have several conflicting goals that they attempt to achieve. 1 4 They might, for instance, want to breed dogs useful for performing 5 various tasks, that can succeed in conformation shows, conform to the breed standard, make 6 their owners happy and are happy themselves. These goals might sometimes conflict, 7 meaning breeders have to prioritize. Likewise, kennel clubs will have to decide which goals 8 are most important when setting up their policies and rules, and legislating bodies will have to 9 prioritize when imposing legal restrictions on breeders of dogs. However, I will not, in this 10 article, discuss…

Publishing Authors : E M Mirkes I Alexandrakis K Slater R Tuli and A N Gorban   1. Introduction Lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma, LSA) is one of the most common cancers seen in dogs. One in four dogs will develop cancer in their lifetime. It accounts for approximately 20% of all canine tumours [1]. The PetScreen Canine Lymphoma Blood Test employs advanced technology to detect lymphoma biomarkers present in a dog’s serum [1]. Concentration of two acute phase proteins is evaluated: Haptoglobin (Hapt) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Detection of these biomarkers indicates a high likelihood that the dog has lymphoma [1], [2]. The growth of the database enables new methods of data mining.…

Publishing Authors : Deborah L. Duffy , Yuying Hsu b, James A. Serpell Date Published : 2008   Abstract Canine aggression poses serious public health and animal welfare concerns. Most of what is understood about breed differences in aggression comes from reports based on bite statistics, behavior clinic caseloads, and experts’ opinions. Information on breed-specific aggressiveness derived from such sources may be misleading due to biases attributable to a disproportionate risk of injury associated with larger and/or more physically powerful breeds and the existence of breed stereotypes. The present study surveyed the owners of more than 30 breeds of dogs using the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (CBARQ), a validated…

Publishing Authors : Fausto Quintavalla, Ezio Bianchi, Marco Sperotto, Stefano Guazzetti Date Published : 2004   SUMMARY The aim of this study is to evaluate the infl uence of nutrition on the ear of the dog. Twenty-nine dogs were included in the study, divided in two groups. One group was fed with a dry feed made of fi sh and added with pineapple and ginseng. Starting at the beginning and every 15 days in the course of the study, all dogs were subjected to clinical and laboratory evaluations. The overall duration of the study was 60 days. The results of the study confi rm that diet may infl uence the colour…

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 30/09/18   An Introduction To Canine Socialisation And Issues Within The Industry Understanding the socialisation of our canine friends is an invaluable skill to carry throughout the career of any canine professional.  Currently, with the lack of a governing body among the industry, many canine professionals (namely Professional Dog Trainers and Canine Behaviourists) are misunderstanding the basic and fundamental concepts in Canine Socialisation and the social needs of dogs. There is an ongoing misunderstanding among canine professionals on how dogs need to socialise and what their needs are which is causing ongoing and serious behavioural issues for dog owners, requiring more training…

Publishing Authors : Joseph A. Araujo, Christa M. Studzinski, Elizabeth Head, Carl W. Cotman & Norton W. Milgram Date Published : 11/03/05   Introduction Advances in medicine and technology have resulted in an increase of human life-span over the last century. This increased longevity, however, is associated with an increased prevalence of age-related cognitive disorders, the most frequent being Alzheimer’s disease. Given the impact of cognitive impairment on quality of life and cost to society, there is a pressing need for identifying interventions that can halt, reverse, or ideally prevent, progressive cognitive decline. One strategy for systematically evaluating interventions for, and mechanisms of, cognitive decline consists of animal models. The ideal animal…

Publishing Authors : Maria Cristina Osella, Giovanni Re, Rosangela Odore,Carlo Girardi, Paola Badino, Raff aella Barbero, Luciana Bergamasco Date Published : 2007 1. Introduction Ageing represents a complex biological process characterized by a progressive modification of tissues and cells (Kiatipattanasakul et al., 1996) with a gradual loss of adaptive capacity. Ageing animals can show a decrease in their learning and memory performance (Milgram et al., 1994; Landsberg and Ruehl, 1997; Adams et al., 2000; Chan et al., 2002). The behavioural signs shown by ageing animals might be referred to as ‘‘aged dog syndrome’’ or, when severe, of ‘‘senile impairment’’. Sometimes, they are considered as features of ‘‘normal ageing’’. A serious impairment of cognitive processes must…

Publishing Author : Cheyenne Babaco Date Published : 27/10/18   Over the past several decades, a common methodology of canine socialization has influenced biologists, professional dog trainers and dog owners all over the world. This concept, known as pack theory, has become widely known especially due to televised dog trainers such as Cesar Millan. Unfortunately, due to more modern research of canine psychology and socialization, it has become increasingly obvious that pack theory is not accurate for a multitude of reasons. Pack theory originated from Robert Schenkel in 1947, a Swiss Animal Behaviorist. Schenkel studied interactions between a pack of wolves at the Zoological Institute at the University of Basel.…

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 28/09/18   Episodic Types of Learning in Humans Throughout psychology, we have come to understand that there are many different methods of learning and they all have their place in different teaching methods, with different students.  With that said, however, we have come to understand that dogs and humans do not learn in the same manner. Humans, as we will discuss in further detail throughout this paper, are episodic learners, whilst dogs are associative learners.  The misunderstanding of this information leaves many owners frustrated and many dogs confused.  The clarity of the communication between dog and owner is paramount for progress to…

Publishing Authors : R. Lee Zasloff, Lynette A. Hart and Joan Melrod Weiss Date Published : 16/04/2003   Abstract Humane education programs often target at-risk children and seek to teach empathy and gentleness with animals, but few of these have been assessed. This prospective, longitudinal study examined the effects of “Teaching Love and Compassion” (TLC), a humane education program employing educational group discussions and dog training for seventh-grade, inner city youth in Los Angeles, California. The TLC program is offered to groups of 10 to 12 students during their three-week vacation at the year-round school. Students for the experimental and control groups were selected from the pool of those scoring below…

Publishing Author : Justyna Wlodarczyk Date Published : 2017   While contemporary dog training is by no means homogenous – and ranges from extremes like Cesar Millan’s popular application of old-style dominance theory mixed together with some machismo (Jackson Schebetta 2009; Pregowski 2014), via the by now mainstream application of behaviourist principles of operant conditioning with emphasis on positive reinforcement (see instructional books by Pryor 1984 and Donaldson 1996) to recent departures from behaviourism’s almost Foucauldian formation of a docile body through disciplinary and postdisciplinary techniques (as exhibited in the instructional materials of, for example, Sdao 2012) – it is hard not to notice certain trends. The past decade or so…

Publishing Author : Beth Case Date Published : 2015   Abstract: Previous studies have shown that the playing of thunderstorm recordings during an open-field task elicits fearful or anxious responses in adult beagles. The goal of our study was to apply this open field test to assess sound-induced behaviors in Labrador retrievers drawn from a pool of candidate improvised explosive devices (IED)-detection dogs. Being robust to fear-inducing sounds and recovering quickly is a critical requirement of these military working dogs. This study presented male and female dogs, with 3 minutes of either ambient noise (Days 1, 3 and 5), recorded thunderstorm (Day 2), or gunfire (Day 4) sounds in an…

Publishing Authors : Noel Fitzpatrick, Judith Bertran, Miguel Angel Solano Date Published : 30/09/14 Objective To determine mid-term complication rate associated with a modified sliding humeral osteotomy (SHO) technique and compare clinical outcome with or without focal treatment (FT). Methods Signalment, lameness, pain score, and preoperative radiographic findings were recorded. Modified Outerbridge score and fissure/fragmentation were recorded arthroscopically. SHO was performed with technical modifications. Outcome measures included lameness score, elbow pain score, owner function assessment, and force-plate preoperatively, at 6 and 12 weeks, and 6–25 months. Results SHO was performed on 60 limbs; 22 also had FT of the medial coronoid process. Mean (±SD) dog age was 44.17 ± 33.0 months and weight…

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 11/09/18   The Behaviourist Approach and Basic Assumptions   Ivan Pavlov and Burrhus Frederic Skinner (Pavlov and Skinner) are two of the leading forefathers to classical and operant conditioning.  Although arguments are prevalent in whether or not they were the first to the post as it were, there is no doubt that these two names are the leading names in the history of psychology and psychological study as we know it today. Behaviourism is the reference to a psychological approach which uses both scientific and objective methods of investigation.  This approach has only one concern, and that is the clear observable stimulus-response…

Publishing Authors : Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere, Julia Espinosa, Sarah Marshall-Pescini, Barbara Smuts Friederike Range Date Published : 29/12/16 Abstract Animals utilize behavioral signals across a range of different contexts in order to communicate with others and produce probable behavioral outcomes. During play animals frequently adopt action patterns used in other contexts. Researchers have therefore hypothesized that play signals have evolved to clarify communicative intent. One highly stereotyped play signal is the canid play bow, but its function remains contested. In order to clarify how canid puppies use play bows, we used data on play bows in immature wolves (ages 2.7–7.8 months) and dogs (ages 2 to 5 months) to test hypotheses evaluated…

Publishing Author : Lee Charles Kelley Date Published : 08/08/12   Stress: The Underlying Cause The database of the National Technical Information Service—an agency of the U.S. Government—shows that as many as 70% of individuals [human beings] living in the United States have experienced at least one serious traumatic event during their lifetime. And according to investigators at Boston University School of Medicine 8% of those people who’ve experienced some form of trauma have developed PTSD as a result. Unfortunately, we don’t have a database showing the percentage of dogs who’ve experienced trauma. But given the number of dogs abandoned or brought to shelters every year, plus the number injured…

Publishing Authors : Haithem, A. M. , Farghali1, Wael, M. Kelany2, Mahmoud Ebada3 Date Published : 2011 1. Introduction Police working dogs’ utility and longevity are presumably affected by diseases common to the specific sizes, breeds and functions of these dogs, as well as by procurement standards. Although diseases that affect these dogs have been identified in previous studies in military dogs (Moore et al., 2001), advances in veterinary diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities should correlate with advancing quantity and quality of life for these valuable dogs. Determination of those diseases that shorten a working dog’s service life would ideally allow the implementation of preventive medicine and management practices to improve longevity.…

Publishing Author : Ches Pickering Date Published: 26/10/18 The Birth of Marker Training The birth of Marker training created a ‘revolution’ in dog training back in the 1930’s and fortunately opened up a completely new method for training dogs. Today, marker training is the most common method dog trainers and owners tend to use as it has proven to be incredibly successful, as well as being far more humane. Marker training has of course evolved since the 1930’s, it was originally pioneered by B.F Skinner, an American behaviorist at the time who conducted experiments on lab rats which led to his theory of operant conditioning. Later on in this module…

Publishing Author : Lee Charles Kelley Date Published : 23/03/2018 Why Do Some Scientists Still Hang On to the Idea of Dominance Hierarchies in Nature? Dr. Roger Abrantes is a well-known figure in the dog training world. He holds PhDs in Evolutionary Biology and Ethology. He is the author to 17 books, written in English, German, Spanish, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Italian, and Czech, and is one of the most versatile ethologists in the world. In “Dominance: Making Sense of Nonsense,” Dr. Abrantes proposes that we stop denying that dominance exists in dogs and wolves, and set out to remedy the “nonsense” by a) demonstrating that dominance does exist, b) establishing that…

Publishing Author : Katherine Compitus, MSEd, MSW Date Published – September 2013 Millions of older adults are diagnosed each year with Alzheimer’s disease, a serious neurodegenerative condition that results in death.  Early symptoms include a reduction in episodic memory which quickly advances to full-blown dementia.  The cause of Alzheimer’s disease is still not well known; hypothesis focus on cholinergenic changes, amyloid deposits or tau protein abnormalities.  The aging brain of a dog parallels that of a human in many respects, including similar neuropathological changes and an age specific pattern of cognitive decline.  This makes a canine model particularly useful for studying the development and potential treatment options for  Alzheimer’s disease. As…

Publishing Authors : Rebecca C. Windsor, DVM*, and Lynelle R. Johnson, DVM, PhD, DACVIM The most common causes of chronic nasal discharge in dogs include nasal neoplasia, fungal rhinitis, and lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (LPR), also referred to as inflammatory rhinitis. Other causes of chronic nasal disease include nasal foreign body, rhinitis secondary to dental disease, parasitic rhinitis (Pneumonyssoides caninum), and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Idiopathic LPR is recognized with increasing frequency in the canine population and may be more common in certain geographic locations. Diagnosis is made via histopathologic identification of a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in the nasal mucosa with exclusion of specific causes of chronic inflammation. An effective therapeutic regimen for dogs with…

Publishing Authors : Biagio D’Anielloa,∗, Anna Scandurra b, Emanuela Prato-Previdec, Paola Valsecchi d a Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126 Italy b Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, via Vivaldi, 81100 Caserta, Italy c Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy d Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, viale Usberti 11 A, 43125 Parma, Italy Date Published : 13/09/2014   a b s t r a c t Various studies have assessed the role of life experiences, including learning opportunities, living conditions and the quality of dog-human relationships, in…

Publishing Author : Jay Gray Date Published : 24/10/18 An Overview of Canine Body Language and the Importance of Reading Canine Body Language in Training Author: Jay Gray   As verbal, language-based animals, we tend to pay less attention to body language than other animals which leaves us vulnerable to understanding body language of not only our own species, but other animals as well.  Dogs, on the other hand are body language-based creatures and thus, understand each other deeply in this area.  Beyond this, dogs will also communicate with us through their body language, but our lack of understanding in this area leaves the communication hanging in the air.  Dog…

Publishing Authors : Sarah Marshall-Pescini , Paola Valsecchi b, Irena Petak , Pier Attilio Accorsi , Emanuela Prato Previde Date Published : 29/02/2008   Abstract This study investigates the influence of training experiences on dogs’ performance in a problem solving task, namely opening a box to obtain food. One hundred and eighteen dogs allocated to two different groups according to their training experience (no/basic training vs high level training) were tested. In each group the dogs saw the researcher manipulating either the paw-pad or the lid, prior to being allowed free access to the apparatus. No effect of the locus of manipulation was observed. However, there was a strong effect of…

Publication Date – December 2013 Research Author –  Alexandra Alonzo   Today, many dog parents take advice from the training methods they see used on television and apply them to their own dog (even though the show gives a discretion notice).  Celebrity dog trainer Cesar Milan created and hosts a show on Animal Planet called “The Dog Whisperer”, where he teaches that since dogs are pack animals, parents need to be the alpha by exerting and practicing “a calm, assertive energy”.  Another well-known dog trainer is Victoria Stilwell, who also hosts a show on Animal Planet called “It’s Me or the Dog”.  She teaches that dogs need to be rewarded…

Publication Date – 01/07/15 Research Authors – Miguel A. Solano, Noel Fitzpatrick, Judith Bertran Summary Application of the FITS device in combination with 2 ventral SOP™ locking plates and autogenous cancellous bone graft was associated with excellent outcomes in dogs treated for DAWS in this small case series. Objective To retrospectively investigate a novel surgical technique using the Fitz Intervertebral Traction Screw (FITS) combined with string-of-pearl (SOP™) locking plates for the treatment of Disc Associated Wobbler Syndrome (DAWS). Methods Ventral approach and fenestration of the affected disc(s), nuclear extirpation, and insertion of the FITS device to the level of the dorsal annulus was followed by application of one or two 3.5 mm…

Publication Date – 14/02/2018 Research Authors – Nicholas H. Dodman, Dorothy C. Brown, James A. Serpell  Abstract Behavioral problems are a major source of poor welfare and premature mortality in companion dogs. Previous studies have demonstrated associations between owners’ personality and psychological status and the prevalence and/or severity of their dogs’ behavior problems. However, the mechanisms responsible for these associations are currently unknown. Other studies have detected links between the tendency of dogs to display behavior problems and their owners’ use of aversive or confrontational training methods. This raises the possibility that the effects of owner personality and psychological status on dog behavior are mediated via their influence on the…

Publication Date – 03/09/2014 Research Authors – Jonathan J. Cooper , Nina Cracknell, Jessica Hardiman, Hannah Wright, Daniel Mills Abstract This study investigated the welfare consequences of training dogs in the field with manually operated electronic devices (e-collars). Following a preliminary study on 9 dogs, 63 pet dogs referred for recall related problems were assigned to one of three Groups: Treatment Group A were trained by industry approved trainers using e-collars; Control Group B trained by the same trainers but without use of e-collars; and Group C trained by members of the Association of Pet Dog Trainers, UK again without e-collar stimulation (n = 21 for each Group). Dogs received two 15 minute…

Publication Date – 27/08/2018 Research Authors – Kim B Stevens, Dan O’Neill, Rosanne Jepson, Laura Phillipa Holm, David John Walker and Jacqueline Martina Cardwell Abstract Seasonal outbreaks of cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV) have been reported annually in UK dogs since 2012, yet the aetiology of the disease remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to explore whether any breeds had an increased or decreased risk of being diagnosed with CRGV, and to report on age and sex distributions of CRGV cases occurring in the UK. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare 101 dogs diagnosed with CRGV between November 2012 and May 2017 with a denominator population of…

Inventor – Gerald J. Gonda, John Vancza, Jr. Date of Patent – 13/05/1980 Abstract In order to train a dog not to bark, a device attached to the dog’s collar emits a characteristic sound whenever he barks, which sound may be accompanied on some occasions by a light electrical shock acting to condition the dog to dislike the sound more than he otherwise would. Patent SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides improved devices and methods for training a dog not to bark, by a condi tioning effect which relies in large part on the emission of an unpleasant sound when the dog barks. The effect 20 of the sound can…

Publication Date – 24/09/2007 Research Authors – Lara S.Batt, Marjolyn S.Batt, John A.Baguley, Paul D.McGreevy Introduction Over the past 30 years, a variety of studies have been conducted to investigate various aspects of guide dog selection and training. These studies have largely focused on the selection and training of dogs (Peel, 1975, Weiss and Greenberg, 1997, Wilsson and Sundgren, 1997, Coppinger et al., 1998, Rooney et al., 2004), genetics and breeding programs (Goddard and Beilharz, 1974, Goddard and Beilharz, 1982, Goddard and Beilharz, 1983, Goddard and Beilharz, 1984b), the raising of pups (Koda, 2001a, Koda, 2001b, Serpell and Hsu, 2001, Kikkawa et al., 2005), and predicting and assessing dogs for their suitability for guide dog programs (Goddard and Beilharz, 1984a, Goddard and Beilharz, 1986, Knol et al., 1988, Murphy, 1995, Vincent…

Contributing Researchers – Monique A.R Udell and C.D.L Wynne Date of Publication – March 2008   Abstract Dogs likely were the first animals to be domesticated and as such have shared a common environment with humans for over ten thousand years. Only recently, however, has this species’ behavior been subject to scientific scrutiny. Most of this work has been inspired by research in human cognitive psychology and suggests that in many ways dogs are more human-like than any other species, including nonhuman primates. Behavior analysts should add their expertise to the study of dog behavior, both to add objective behavioral analyses of experimental data and to effectively integrate this new knowledge into applied…

Publication date 2018-09-21 Research authors Noel Fitzpatrick, James W. Guthrie   Objective To report the clinical application of a hemipelvic and proximal femoral endoprosthesis for limb salvage. Methods An invasive soft tissue mass (histiocytic sarcoma) with bone lysis of the femoral head and acetabulum was noted on radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and MRI. Custom‐designed hemipelvic and proximal femoral endoprostheses were produced from CT images and manufactured with hydroxyapatite coated surfaces to allow tissue integration. The proximal femoral implant allowed tendon ongrowth and muscle attachment. The pelvic implant was anchored to the ilium and ischium with screws, and the femoral implant was cemented. Chemotherapy consisted of lomustine (CCNU). Results No evidence of implant…